21^st Asia Pacific Global Summit on Vaccines & Vaccination October 20-21, 2017 Melbourne, Australia

Mainly Cancer vaccines are two types preventive and therapeutic. Cancer preventive vaccines target infectious agents that cause or contribute to the development of cancer. They are similar to traditional vaccines, which help prevent infectious diseases, such as measles or polio, by protecting the body against infection. Both cancer preventive vaccines and traditional vaccines are based on antigens that are carried by infectious agents and that are relatively easy for the immune system to recognize as foreign.

Immunotherapeutics is treatment that uses your body's own immune system to help fight cancer. The main types of immunotherapy now being used to treat cancer include:

1. Cancer vaccines
2. Monoclonal antibodies
3. Immune checkpoint inhibitors
4. Other, non-specific immunotherapies

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In the last few decades immunotherapy has become an important part of treating some types of cancer. Newer types of immune treatments are now being studied, and they’ll impact how we treat cancer in the future

• Feline Leukemia Vaccines
• Cervical Cancer Vaccine
• Preventive cancer vaccines
• Cancer treatment Vaccines
• CAR T-Cell Therapy
• Gene-therapy
• Oncolytic viral therapies
• Non-specific cancer immunotherapies and adjuvants
• Cancer Immunotherapy Biomarkers
• Cancer Vaccines research
• Others

Viruses that primarily attack the liver are called hepatitis viruses. There are several types of hepatitis viruses including types A, B, C, D, E, and possibly G. Types A, B, and C are the most mundane. Viral Hepatitis B virus infection and Hepatitis C can cause chronic hepatitis.

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Vaccines are antigenic substance prepared from the causative agent of a disease or a synthetic substitute, used to provide immunity against one or several diseases. Vaccination is one of the greatest breakthroughs in modern medicine. No other medical intervention has done more to save lives and improve quality of life. Bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated bacteria that activate the immune response. Antibodies are built against that particular bacteria, and prevents bacterial infection later. An example of a bacterial vaccines is the Tuberculosis Vaccines

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Genetic/ DNA immunization is a novel technique used to efficiently stimulate humoral and cellular immune response to protein antigens. The direct injection of genetic material into a living host causes a small amount of its cells to produce the introduced gene products. This inappropriate gene expression within the host has important Immunological Abnormalities, resulting in the specific immune activation of the host against the gene delivered antigen.

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The number of Immunizations recommended is dramatically increasing day by day, especially in children less than 2 years. United States the recommended immunization schedules for 2010 indicate that in the first 2 years children are expected to receive vaccines against 14 diseases. These combination vaccines will deliver multiple vaccines in single visit/administration. Some of the combination vaccines are DTaP (DT) Vaccines, Tdap Vaccines etc.

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Edible vaccines mostly useful as these are easy-to-administer, cost-effective, Less Storage problems, and easily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor or developing countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Introduced as a concept about a decade ago, it has become a reality today. A variety of delivery systems have been developed. Initially thought to be useful only for preventing infectious diseases, it has also found application in prevention of Autoimmunity related diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc.

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Viral vaccines contain either inactivated viruses or attenuated (alive but not capable of causing disease) viruses. Inactivated or killed viral vaccines contain viruses, which have lost their ability to replicate and in order for it to bring about a response it contains more antigen than live vaccines. Attenuated vaccines or live vaccines contain the live form of the virus. These viruses are not pathogenic but are able to induce an immune response.

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Mosquitoes, blackflies, sandflies, ticks, and lice are effective vectors of disease, transmitting pathogens via their blood meals. These Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), are mostly diseases of poverty, and responsible for major economic burdens through disability, death of principal earners and missed educational opportunities for children and young adults, helping to maintain the poverty trap. It is no coincidence that the countries most affected by these diseases are also amongst the poorest countries in the world. Malaria is the most serious and costly of the insect-borne diseases with over 200 million cases of people being sick, and currently causing about 660,00 deaths per year, mostly children under the age of 5. The tragedy is that all these deaths could be stopped with a determined and coordinated approach.

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Anyone planning to travel abroad may need immunizations before departure. Although few immunizations are compulsory for international travel, some are recommended for the traveler’s protection. Some vaccines must be given in 2–3 doses several weeks apart. Therefore, a doctor should be consulted at least 2–3 months before departure. Children under 1 year, and people with a compromised immune system or serious underlying disorder may not be able to have some vaccinations, such as those for yellow fever and tuberculosis (BCG). The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is very important for travelers.  Each year, unvaccinated people get measles while in other countries and bring it to the United States.  You may be exposed to different diseases based on the countries you are visiting.  For example, you may need the yellow fever vaccine if traveling to certain countries in Africa or Central or South America.  If traveling to Asia, Latin America, or Africa, you may need typhoid vaccine.

Recommended vaccines are travel vaccinations that can protect you in areas where there is an intermediate or high risk for contracting certain illnesses. They also help prevent the spread of diseases from one country to another.

• MMR Vaccine and Travel
• Routine Immunizations for travel
• Typhoid vaccine
• Yellow fever vaccines
• Emergency vaccination

Mosquito borne infectious diseases are among important group of diseases worldwide. Vaccination is available for some tropical mosquito-borne diseases, especially for Japanese encephalitis virus infection and yellow fever. There are also several attempts to develop new vaccines for the other mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue infection and West Nile virus infection.

Protein based subunit vaccines present an antigen to the immune system without viral particles, using a specific, isolated protein of the pathogen. A weakness of this technique is that isolated proteins, if denatured, may bind to different antibodies than the protein of the pathogen. Commonly used protein-based subunit vaccines are.

Acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines contain inactivated pertussis toxin (protein) and may contain one or more other bacterial components. The pertussis toxin is detoxified either by treatment with a chemical or by using molecular genetic techniques.

Hepatitis B vaccines are composed of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), a protein produced by hepatitis B virus. Earlier vaccine products were produced using purified plasma of infected individuals. This production method has been replaced by recombinant technology that can produce HBsAg without requiring human plasma increasing the safety of the vaccine by excluding the risk from potential contamination of human plasma.

Toxoid vaccines are made from a toxin (poison) that has been made harmless but that elicits an immune response against the toxin. are based on the toxin produced by certain bacteria (e.g. tetanus or diphtheria). The toxin invades the bloodstream and is largely responsible for the symptoms of the disease. The protein-based toxin is rendered harmless and used as the antigen in the vaccine to elicit immunity. To increase the immune response, the toxoid is adsorbed to aluminium or calcium salts, which serve as adjuvants.

Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) such as RA, IBD or psoriasis, are at increased risk of infection, partially because of the disease itself, but mostly because of treatment with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs. In spite of their elevated risk for vaccine-preventable disease, vaccination coverage in IMID patients is surprisingly low. This review summarizes current literature data on vaccine safety and efficacy in IMID patients treated with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs and formulates best-practice recommendations on vaccination in this population. Especially in the current era of biological therapies, including TNF-blocking agents, special consideration should be given to vaccination strategies in IMID patients. Clinical evidence indicates that immunization of IMID patients does not increase clinical or laboratory parameters of disease activity. Live vaccines are contraindicated in immunocompromized individuals, but non-live vaccines can safely be given. Although the reduced quality of the immune response in patients under immunotherapy may have a negative impact on vaccination efficacy in this population, adequate humoral response to vaccination in IMID patients has been demonstrated for hepatitis B, influenza and pneumococcal vaccination. Vaccination status is best checked and updated before the start of immunomodulatory therapy: live vaccines are not contraindicated at that time and inactivated vaccines elicit an optimal immune response in immunocompetent individuals.

A conjugate vaccine is created by covalently attaching a poor (polysaccharide) antigen to a carrier protein (preferably from the same microorganism), thereby conferring the immunological attributes of the carrier to the attached antigen.

There is a special CDC guidelines for the vaccines you need before, during, and after pregnancy. Some vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine, should be given a month or more before pregnancy. You should get some vaccines, like Tdap (to protect against whooping cough), during pregnancy. Other vaccines, like the flu shot, can be given before or during pregnancy, depending on whether pregnant. It is safe for a woman to receive vaccines right after giving birth, even while she is breastfeeding. Be sure to discuss each vaccine with your health care professional before getting vaccinated.

The major goals of veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of companion animals, increase production of livestock in a cost-effective manner, and prevent animal-to-human transmission from both domestic animals and wildlife. These diverse aims have led to different approaches to the development of veterinary vaccines from crude but effective whole-pathogen preparations to molecularly defined subunit vaccines, genetically engineered organisms or chimeras, vectored antigen formulations, and naked DNA injections. The final successful outcome of vaccine research and development is the generation of a product that will be available in the marketplace or that will be used in the field to achieve desired outcomes.

Vaccines help make you immune to serious diseases without getting sick first. Without a vaccine, you must actually get a disease in order to become immune to the germ that causes it. Vaccines work best when they are given at certain ages. For example, children don't receive measles vaccine until they are at least one year old. If it is given earlier it might not work as well. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publishes a schedule for childhood vaccines.

The renaissance in the vaccine market continues with strong growth and new prospects to continue to grow this part of the market, which now stands at about $25 billion. Once a commodity market with low margins, the vaccines on the market now include blockbusters and mega blockbusters. New candidates for vaccinating against cancers and HIV are also projected to hit the magic milestone. The market is expected to return a compound annual growth rate of more than 8% through 2018, Pharma projects, with some segments like adult vaccines showing even better.

When vaccines are mentioned most people think of immunization against childhood infectious diseases. However, in recent years the uses to which vaccines are being put has dramatically expanded beyond traditional infectious disease applications. Vaccines currently in preclinical and clinical development target prevention or treatment of a wide range of non-infectious diseases including cancer, allergy, asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, hypertension, heart disease, obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkison’s disease and even nicotine and cocaine addiction. For the most part such vaccines aim to induce neutralizing antibodies against foreign or self-antigens, thereby blocking their activity and ability to induce disease. This commentary reviews key clinical advances in the area of unconventional vaccines and identifies some of the key challenges that need to be overcome in order for unconventional vaccines to move forward to medical and commercial success.

New technological advances have accelerated vaccine research and development (R&D) yielding numerous vaccines that have significantly reduced mortality and morbidity. In fact, each year, vaccines prevent up to 2.5 million child deaths.i But a number of diseases still lack an effective means of prevention; some, like HIV/AIDS, are caused by complex viruses that despite significant progress to-date, have proven to be evasive of existing vaccine technologies. With the emergence and expansion of new diseases, the need and demand for innovative vaccines continues to grow. But vaccine development is a complex, arduous, and expensive process. It requires a mastery of multiple technologies, ample funds for clinical trials and manufacturing facilities, sophisticated scale-up processes, expertise in navigating demanding regulatory environments in various regions, and managing vigorous safety monitoring. The R&D-based vaccine industry’s knowledge and capacity make it well-positioned to develop and manufacture new vaccine candidates. While both public and private partners play vital roles in vaccine development, it is industry that generally drives and manages the overall process that results in the approval of a new vaccine.

Vaccines are the best defense we have against serious, preventable, and sometimes deadly contagious diseases. Vaccines are some of the safest medical products available, but like any other medical product, there may be health risk. Accurate information about the value of vaccines as well as their possible side-effects helps people to make informed decisions about vaccination.

• Importance of Vaccine Safety
• Decreases in disease risks and increased attention on vaccine risks.
• Public confidence in vaccine safety is critical
• Higher standard of safety is expected of vaccines
• Vaccines generally healthy (vs. ill for drugs)
• Vaccination universally recommended and mandated
• Vaccine Administration, Storage & Handling
• Factors Influencing Vaccine efficacy
• Vaccine safety communication
• Vaccine Safety Monitoring and Vaccine Pharmacovigilance
• Patient and Public acceptance and perceptions
• Post marketing surveillance of Vaccines

Plants offer enormous potential as production platforms for vaccines and therapeutic proteins. Plant-derived vaccines, for example, present an alternative to conventional vaccines by facilitating safe and effective oral delivery through consumption of edible plant tissue. Many infectious diseases enter the body through mucosal surfaces such as the gut, and as a result, vaccines expressed in the form of edible plant tissues offer a select advantage. The plant tissues can protect the antigen as it passes through the digestive tract. Plants are capable of producing recombinant antigens that undergo similar posttranslational modifications as their mammalian-derived counterparts and in contrast to bacterial expression systems. Moreover, high yields of biopharmaceuticals can be obtained, depending on the specific plant production platform. After these purification steps, the cost of producing plant-derived proteins represents only a fraction of the cost of proteins produced from analogous mammalian cell culture systems.